This study expanded the understanding of NGOs and their roles in the governance system regulating the ultra-processed food and alcohol industries in Australia. While the Australian NGOs can be considered active players in food and alcohol governance nationally and/or in states/territories, their role as surrogate regulators needs a more detailed examination. There are many opportunities for them to shape harmful commodity industries (HCI) policies and practices, building on their focus on agenda setting and capacity building, and expanding their activities in monitoring and implementation.
